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Fiber Optic: Provide high-capacity, low-latency backhaul with virtually unlimited B.W potential.
- B.W: 10 Gbps to 100+ Gbps
- Advantages:
Extremely high speed and capacity.
Low latency.
Can handle increased data traffic as the network grows. - Disadvantages:
Expensive to deploy, especially in remote or difficult-to-access areas.
Time-consuming installation process.
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Microwave Backhaul: Use high-frequency radio waves to transmit data between two fixed points. These links are commonly used in areas where fiber deployment is impractical.
- B.W: 50 Mbps to 10 Gbps
- Advantages:
Quick to deploy compared to fiber.
Can cover long distances, depending on the line of sight and frequency used.
Suitable for both urban and rural areas. - Disadvantages:
Susceptible to weather conditions (e.g., rain fade).
Requires a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver.
Limited B.W compared to fiber.
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Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) Backhaul:Frequencies (30-300 GHz) are used for high-capacity, short-range backhaul connections, typically in dense urban environments.
- B.W: 1 Gbps to 20 Gbps
- Advantages:
High data rates and low latency.
Ideal for urban areas where spectrum is congested, and space is limited.
Disadvantages:
Limited range, usually a few kilometers.
Highly sensitive to obstacles and weather conditions.
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Satellite Backhaul:Using satellite links to connect remote FWA stations to the core network, especially in areas where terrestrial infrastructure is lacking.
- B.W: 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps
- Advantages:
Can cover vast and remote areas, including those without existing infrastructure.
Rapid deployment in areas where terrestrial backhaul is impractical. - Disadvantages:
High latency due to the distance signals must travel to and from the satellite.
Limited bandwidth compared to terrestrial solutions.
Expensive to operate.
What are the B.W per user in 1Gbps?
Calculation Example:
- The average B.W consumption per customer varies depending on the service type (e.g., basic browsing vs. streaming).
Know about:
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Oversubscription Ratio:
Not all customers will use their maximum bandwidth simultaneously. This ratio can range from 10:1 to 50:1 or more, depending on the network’s design and the expected usage patterns. -
Quality of Service (QoS): If the service requires low latency and high reliability (e.g., VoIP or online gaming), the oversubscription ratio may need to be lower to ensure quality.
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Type 1: For Basic Internet : 2 Mbps
Oversubscription Ratio: 20:1
Bandwidth per Customer: 2 Mbps / 20 = 0.1 Mbps- Total Customers Served: 1 Gbps / 0.1 Mbps = 10,000 customers
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Type 2: HD Video Streaming: 8 Mbps
Oversubscription Ratio: 20:1
Per Customer: 8 Mbps / 20 = 0.4 Mbps- Total Customers Served: 1 Gbps / 0.4 Mbps = 2,500 customers
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Type 3: 4K Video Streaming or Heavy Use: 20 Mbps
Oversubscription Ratio: 10:1
Per Customer: 20 Mbps / 10 = 2 Mbps- Total Customers Served: 1 Gbps / 2 Mbps = 500
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